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- 1. Navigate toMain facts and figures section
- 2. Navigate toThings you need to know section
- 3. Navigate to By ethnicity (before housing costs) section
- 4. Navigate to By ethnicity (after housing costs) section
- 5. Navigate to By ethnicity and age group (before housing costs) section
- 6. Navigate to By ethnicity and age group (after housing costs) section
- 7. Navigate to Entering low income (before housing costs) section
- 8. Navigate to Leaving low income (before housing costs) section
- 9. Navigate toData sources section
- 10. Navigate toDownload the data section
1. Main facts and figures
- out of all ethnic groups, people in Asian or Black households were the most likely to be in persistent low income before housing costs over the period from January 2014 to December 2018
- out of all ethnic groups, people in Black or Other households were most likely to be in persistent low income, after housing costs
- people in White households were least likely out of all ethnic groups to be in persistent low income before and after housing costs
2. Things you need to know
What the data measures
The data shows the percentage of people living in households in the UK that are in ‘persistent low income’ before and after housing costs. Housing costs include rent and mortgage payments.
Households are in low income if they live on less than 60% of the median income. This was around £28,500 for a couple with no children in the period from January 2017 to December 2018 before housing costs.
Persistent low income means the household has had low income for at least 3 out of 4 consecutive annual interviews.
The data relates to households of either one person or a group of people sharing cooking facilities and a living room or dining area. It must be their main or only home.
The data includes the total income brought into the household on a weekly basis by everyone who lives there.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest whole number.
Not included in the data
Data based on fewer than 100 responses has not been included, and percentages less than 0.5% have been suppressed. This is to protect people’s confidentiality.
The ethnic groups used in the data
Data is shown for 6 aggregated ethnic groups:
- Asian
- Black
- Mixed
- White British
- White Other
- Other
Some households contain people from different ethnic backgrounds. The ethnicity assigned to the household is that of the ‘household reference person' (usually the person with the highest income). The data does not account for people of different ethnic backgrounds who live in the same household.
Data for people living in households with unknown ethnicity is included in the estimates for ‘All’.
Methodology
Read the detailed methodology document (PDF opens in a new window or tab) for the data on this page.
Household incomes are adjusted (or ‘equivalised’) to take into account the number of adults and children who live there.
The figures on this page are based on survey data. Find out more about:
- interpreting survey data, including how reliability is affected by the number of people surveyed
- how weighting is used to make survey data more representative of the whole group being studied
In the data file
See Download the data for:
- figures for the periods from January 2010 to December 2014, January 2011 to December 2015, January 2012 to December 2016, January 2013 to December 2017, and January 2014 to December 2018
- persistent low income estimates based on both 60% and 70% of median income
- persistent low income estimates before and after housing costs
3. By ethnicity (before housing costs)
| Ethnicity | % | Number of respondents |
|---|---|---|
| All | 9 | 29,344 |
| Asian | 17 | 2,356 |
| Black | 15 | 897 |
| Mixed | 9 | 316 |
| White | 9 | 24,681 |
| White British | 9 | 23,364 |
| White other | 8 | 1,317 |
| Other | 11 | 157 |
Download table data for ‘By ethnicity (before housing costs)’ (CSV) Source data for ‘By ethnicity (before housing costs)’ (CSV)
Summary of Persistent low income By ethnicity (before housing costs) Summary
The data shows that, before housing costs:
-
17% of people in Asian households, and 15% of people in Black households were in persistent low income – the highest percentages out of all ethnic groups
-
9% of people in White and Mixed households were in persistent low income – the lowest percentages out of all ethnic groups
4. By ethnicity (after housing costs)
| Ethnicity | % | Number of respondents |
|---|---|---|
| All | 13 | 29,344 |
| Asian | 25 | 2,356 |
| Black | 28 | 897 |
| Mixed | 23 | 316 |
| White | 12 | 24,681 |
| White British | 12 | 23,364 |
| White other | 15 | 1,317 |
| Other | 33 | 157 |
Download table data for ‘By ethnicity (after housing costs)’ (CSV) Source data for ‘By ethnicity (after housing costs)’ (CSV)
Summary of Persistent low income By ethnicity (after housing costs) Summary
The data shows that, after housing costs:
-
33% of people in Other ethnic group households, and 28% of people in Black households were in persistent low income – the highest percentages out of all ethnic groups
-
12% of people living in White households were in persistent low income – the lowest percentage out of all ethnic groups
5. By ethnicity and age group (before housing costs)
| All | Children | Working-age adults | Pensioners | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnicity | All % | All Number of respondents | Children % | Children Number of respondents | Working-age adults % | Working-age adults Number of respondents | Pensioners % | Pensioners Number of respondents |
| All | 9 | 29,344 | 12 | 6,840 | 7 | 15,896 | 11 | 6,608 |
| Asian | 17 | 2,356 | 26 | 866 | 12 | 1,343 | 12 | 147 |
| Black | 15 | 897 | 21 | 292 | 12 | 504 | 14 | 101 |
| Mixed | 9 | 316 | withheld to protect confidentiality | 99 | 8 | 185 | withheld to protect confidentiality | 32 |
| White | 9 | 24,681 | 10 | 5,319 | 7 | 13,209 | 12 | 6,153 |
| White British | 9 | 23,364 | 10 | 4,984 | 7 | 12,496 | 12 | 5,884 |
| White other | 8 | 1,317 | 12 | 335 | 6 | 713 | 8 | 269 |
| Other | 11 | 157 | withheld to protect confidentiality | 52 | withheld to protect confidentiality | 86 | withheld to protect confidentiality | 19 |
Download table data for ‘By ethnicity and age group (before housing costs)’ (CSV) Source data for ‘By ethnicity and age group (before housing costs)’ (CSV)
Summary of Persistent low income By ethnicity and age group (before housing costs) Summary
The data shows that, before housing costs:
-
children in Asian (26%) and Black (21%) households were more likely to live in persistent low income than those in White (10%) households
-
working-age adults in Black and Asian households were most likely to live in persistent low income (both 12%) out of all ethnic groups
-
12% of pensioners in White and Asian households were in persistent low income
-
14% of pensioners in Black households were in persistent low income, the highest of all ethnic groups
-
survey estimates based on smaller sample sizes tend to be less reliable
6. By ethnicity and age group (after housing costs)
| All | Children | Working-age adults | Pensioners | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnicity | All % | All Number of respondents | Children % | Children Number of respondents | Working-age adults % | Working-age adults Number of respondents | Pensioners % | Pensioners Number of respondents |
| All | 13 | 29,344 | 20 | 6,840 | 11 | 15,896 | 11 | 6,608 |
| Asian | 25 | 2,356 | 37 | 866 | 19 | 1,343 | 10 | 147 |
| Black | 28 | 897 | 37 | 292 | 23 | 504 | 30 | 101 |
| Mixed | 23 | 316 | withheld to protect confidentiality | 99 | 20 | 185 | withheld to protect confidentiality | 32 |
| White | 12 | 24,681 | 18 | 5,319 | 11 | 13,209 | 11 | 6,153 |
| White British | 12 | 23,364 | 18 | 4,984 | 11 | 12,496 | 11 | 5,884 |
| White other | 15 | 1,317 | 22 | 335 | 14 | 713 | 11 | 269 |
| Other | 33 | 157 | withheld to protect confidentiality | 52 | withheld to protect confidentiality | 86 | withheld to protect confidentiality | 19 |
Download table data for ‘By ethnicity and age group (after housing costs)’ (CSV) Source data for ‘By ethnicity and age group (after housing costs)’ (CSV)
Summary of Persistent low income By ethnicity and age group (after housing costs) Summary
The data shows that, after housing costs:
-
children in Asian (37%) and Black (37%) households were more likely to live in persistent low income than those in White households (18%)
-
working-age adults in Black (23%) households were most likely to live in persistent low income out of all ethnic groups
-
30% of pensioners in Black households lived in persistent low income
-
survey estimates based on smaller sample sizes tend to be less reliable
7. Entering low income (before housing costs)
| Ethnicity | % | Number of respondents |
|---|---|---|
| All | 5 | 86,287 |
| Asian | 10 | 5,934 |
| Black | 9 | 2,592 |
| Mixed | 8 | 965 |
| White | 5 | 72,959 |
| White British | 5 | 68,938 |
| White other | 5 | 4,021 |
| Other | 8 | 476 |
Download table data for ‘Entering low income (before housing costs)’ (CSV) Source data for ‘Entering low income (before housing costs)’ (CSV)
Summary of Persistent low income Entering low income (before housing costs) Summary
Households are classed as entering low income if they were:
- not in low income in the 2-year survey period ending December 2017
- in low income in the 2-year survey period ending December 2018
The data shows that, before housing costs:
- people in Asian (10%) and Black (9%) households were most likely to enter into low income out of all ethnic groups
- people in White (5%) households were least likely to enter into low income
8. Leaving low income (before housing costs)
| Ethnicity | % | Number of respondents |
|---|---|---|
| All | 33 | 15,200 |
| Asian | 31 | 2,694 |
| Black | 33 | 752 |
| Mixed | 33 | 213 |
| White | 33 | 11,093 |
| White British | 33 | 10,514 |
| White other | 36 | 579 |
| Other | 14 | 126 |
Download table data for ‘Leaving low income (before housing costs)’ (CSV) Source data for ‘Leaving low income (before housing costs)’ (CSV)
Summary of Persistent low income Leaving low income (before housing costs) Summary
Households are classed as leaving low income if they were:
- in low income in the 2-year survey period ending December 2017
- not in low income in the 2-year survey period ending December 2018
Percentages are calculated out of households already in low income, not out of all households.
The data shows that, before housing costs:
- people in White Other (36%) households were most likely to exit low income out of all ethnic groups
- people in Other (14%) households were least likely to exit low income, although the sample size is small and therefore less reliable
9. Data sources
Source
Type of data
Survey data
Type of statistic
Official statistics
Publisher
Department for Work and Pensions
Publication frequency
Yearly
Purpose of data source
Income Dynamics statistics are designed to report on income movements and the persistence of low income for various population groups. Reporting on persistent low income rates for children is required under UK law.
Income Dynamics statistics supplement Households Below Average Income (HBAI) statistics by providing measures which are based on household income over time. This is because they use data from the longitudinal survey ‘Understanding Society’.
10. Download the data
This file contains the following: measure, ethnicity, year, value, denominator
This file contains the following: measure, ethnicity, year, age group, value, denominator