Police workforce

Department:: Home Office
Published:: 2 October 2018
Last updated:: 8 March 2019, see all updates
Source:: Police workforce, England and Wales: 31 March 2018
Area covered:: England and Wales
Time period:: 2007 to 2018

The main facts and figures show that:

as at 31 March 2018, 93.4% of police officers were White, and 6.6% came from all other ethnic groups
between 2007 and 2018, the percentage of police officers from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined increased from 3.9% to 6.6% (an increase of 2.7 percentage points)
as at 31 March 2018, 3.7% of officers in senior ranks were from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined, compared with 2.8% in 2007 (an increase of 0.9 percentage points)
in the population of England and Wales as a whole, 86% of people were White (including White ethnic minorities), and 14% were from all other ethnic groups combined, according to population data from the 2011 Census

Things you need to know

In this data, the police workforce is made up of police officers of all ranks, police community support officers (PCSOs), designated officers, traffic wardens and staff in other roles (referred to in charts and tables as ‘police staff’).

This data focuses initially on police officers, and widens to include the whole workforce.

Figures for the police workforce, including police officers, are based on full-time equivalent (FTE) staff numbers – for example, someone who works 2.5 days a week is counted as 0.5 FTE.

Although the data includes traffic wardens, very few remain in the police workforce following the transfer of this duty to local authorities.

Separately, figures are also presented for special constables – members of the public who volunteer to help the police – although they are not counted as part of the police workforce. Special constable figures are based on a ‘headcount’ – the total number of people in that role, regardless of whether they work part-time or full-time.

Data is derived from the personnel records for the 43 police forces in England and Wales, and the British Transport Police.

Population estimates are based on the 2011 Census, which are the figures used in most Home Office statistical publications. It is likely that there have been some population changes since 2011 that aren't accounted for in this data. For that reason, these figures should be considered estimates only.

Since the British Transport Police covers all of England and Wales, a rate per population per region has not been calculated. Similarly, the City of London Police serves a very large daytime population compared with its number of residents, so it is not meaningful to show a rate per population for this force.

The percentages given here are based only on those whose ethnicity is known. Ethnicity isn’t known for 2% of police officers, 3% of the total police workforce, and 7% of special constables. Numbers of staff with unknown ethnicity are included in the tables for reference.

What the data measures

This data measures the percentage of the police workforce coming from the Asian, Black, Mixed, White and Other ethnic groups, and compares it with overall population statistics.

The data is a snapshot taken at 31 March each year.

The data focuses initially on police officers.

Later, figures are shown for the entire police workforce, including:

police community support officers (PCSOs) – paid staff who work with police officers and have some police powers, like the power to give somebody a fixed-penalty notice for littering
designated officers – paid staff working in specific roles like detention officers and investigation officers
traffic wardens - very few of these remain in the police workforce as traffic warden duties are almost entirely transferred to local authorities
staff in other roles, referred to in the charts and tables as ‘police staff’ – these are usually civilian roles that don’t require any specific police powers

In addition, data is presented separately for special constables, who are members of the public who volunteer to help the police. Special constables have the same powers as police officers, but are unpaid and not counted in the police workforce statistics.

The ethnic categories used in this data

Staff working for the police in England and Wales report their own ethnicity based on the following 5 broad groups:

Asian/Asian British
Black/African/Caribbean/Black British
Mixed/Multiple ethnic groups
White (including White ethnic minority groups)
Other ethnic group (including Chinese)

Ethnic groups and how data on ethnicity is collected

Police officers by ethnicity

Location:: England and Wales
Time period:: 2018
Source:: Police workforce, England and Wales: 31 March 2018

Percentage and number of police officers, and percentage of the overall population (at 2011 Census), by ethnicity

Ethnicity	% of police officers	% of population (2011)	Number of police officers
Asian	2.7	6.8	3,266
Black	1.2	3.3	1,424
Mixed	1.9	2.2	2,309
White	93.4	86.0	111,505
Other inc Chinese	0.7	1.7	852
Unknown	N/A^*	N/A^*	3,048

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Summary

This data shows that:

as at March 2018, the equivalent of 122,404 full-time police officers were employed in the 43 police forces in England and Wales (excluding the British Transport Police), and 111,505 (93.4%) of those were from the White ethnic group
Black people made up 1.2% of police officers, Asian people made up 2.7%, those of Mixed ethnicity made up 1.9%, and 0.7% of officers were from the Other ethnic group (including Chinese officers)

Police officers by ethnicity over time

Location:: England and Wales
Time period:: 2007 to 2018
Source:: Police workforce, England and Wales: 31 March 2018

Percentage and number of police officers by ethnicity over time

	Asian		Black		Mixed		White		Other inc Chinese		Unknown
Time	% of police officers	Number of police officers	% of police officers	Number of police officers	% of police officers	Number of police officers	% of police officers	Number of police officers	% of police officers	Number of police officers	% of police officers	Number of police officers
2007	1.5	2,111	1.0	1,350	1.0	1,419	96.1	134,372	0.5	632	N/A^*	1,999
2008	1.6	2,231	1.0	1,371	1.1	1,525	95.9	134,000	0.5	656	N/A^*	1,920
2009	1.7	2,472	1.0	1,427	1.2	1,699	95.6	135,651	0.5	689	N/A^*	1,839
2010	1.8	2,607	1.0	1,446	1.3	1,844	95.3	135,293	0.5	745	N/A^*	1,799
2011	1.9	2,582	1.0	1,442	1.3	1,838	95.2	130,870	0.5	754	N/A^*	1,625
2012	2.0	2,607	1.1	1,420	1.4	1,871	95.0	125,579	0.6	766	N/A^*	1,858
2013	2.0	2,563	1.1	1,361	1.5	1,865	94.9	121,086	0.6	749	N/A^*	1,961
2014	2.1	2,665	1.1	1,352	1.5	1,922	94.7	119,071	0.6	776	N/A^*	2,124
2015	2.2	2,795	1.1	1,373	1.6	2,028	94.4	117,757	0.6	785	N/A^*	2,079
2016	2.4	2,881	1.2	1,433	1.7	2,096	94.1	114,437	0.7	808	N/A^*	2,411
2017	2.6	3,104	1.2	1,432	1.8	2,185	93.7	112,953	0.7	841	N/A^*	2,616
2018	2.7	3,266	1.2	1,424	1.9	2,309	93.4	111,505	0.7	852	N/A^*	3,048

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Summary

This data shows that:

between 2007 and 2018, the percentage of police officers from each of the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups increased
the percentage of Asian police officers increased from 1.5% in 2007 to 2.7% in 2018 – the increase in Asian police officers was the largest out of all ethnic groups, in both percentage and numerical terms (at 1.2 percentage points and 1,154 officers)

Police officers by ethnicity and area

Location:: England and Wales
Time period:: 2018
Source:: Police workforce, England and Wales: 31 March 2018

Percentage and number of police officers, and percentage of the overall population (at 2011 Census), by ethnicity and police force area

	Asian			Black			Mixed			White			Other inc Chinese			Unknown
Police force area	% officers	% population	Number of police officers	% officers	% population	Number of police officers	% officers	% population	Number of police officers	% officers	% population	Number of police officers	% officers	% population	Number of police officers	% officers	% population	Number of police officers
All - excluding BTP	2.7	6.8	3,266	1.2	3.3	1,424	1.9	2.2	2,309	93.4	86.0	111,505	0.7	1.7	852	N/A^*	N/A^*	3,048
Avon & Somerset	0.3	2.1	7	0.3	1.9	7	2.0	1.8	47	97.1	93.3	2,260	0.3	1.0	7	N/A^*	N/A^*	268
Bedfordshire	5.4	13.2	61	1.4	4.8	16	3.3	3.0	37	89.7	77.5	1,002	0.1	1.4	1	N/A^*	N/A^*	14
British Transport Police	N/A^*	N/A^*	114	N/A^*	N/A^*	74	N/A^*	N/A^*	75	N/A^*	N/A^*	2,500	N/A^*	N/A^*	12	N/A^*	N/A^*	90
Cambridgeshire	1.2	4.9	16	0.3	1.3	5	1.6	2.0	22	96.7	90.3	1,321	0.2	1.6	3	N/A^*	N/A^*	17
Cheshire	0.4	1.2	8	0.2	0.3	4	0.8	1.0	16	98.5	96.9	1,916	0.1	0.5	2	N/A^*	N/A^*	75
Cleveland	1.3	3.1	16	0.1	0.6	1	0.3	1.0	4	98.1	94.5	1,208	0.2	0.8	2	N/A^*	N/A^*	26
Cumbria	0.3	0.6	3	0.2	0.1	2	0.5	0.5	5	99.1	98.5	1,067	0.0	0.3	not collected	N/A^*	N/A^*	18
Derbyshire	2.1	3.6	37	0.2	1.0	4	0.9	1.4	16	96.6	93.3	1,674	0.2	0.7	3	N/A^*	N/A^*	4
Devon & Cornwall	0.2	0.7	4	0.3	0.2	6	0.9	0.9	21	98.4	97.5	2,272	0.2	0.6	5	N/A^*	N/A^*	651
Dorset	0.2	1.4	3	0.2	0.4	2	1.1	1.3	14	98.4	96.0	1,184	0.1	0.8	1	N/A^*	N/A^*	60
Durham	0.5	0.8	6	0.1	0.2	1	1.1	0.7	12	98.2	97.8	1,119	0.1	0.5	1	N/A^*	N/A^*	2
Dyfed-Powys	0.2	0.8	2	0.1	0.2	1	0.9	0.6	9	98.7	98.0	957	0.1	0.4	1	N/A^*	N/A^*	216
Essex	0.3	2.3	10	0.2	2.0	5	1.5	1.6	42	97.8	93.2	2,834	0.2	0.9	6	N/A^*	N/A^*	61
Gloucestershire	0.7	1.8	7	0.4	0.9	4	0.9	1.5	9	97.7	95.4	1,014	0.4	0.5	4	N/A^*	N/A^*	35
Greater Manchester	3.6	9.2	230	0.6	2.8	36	2.0	2.3	129	93.1	83.8	5,902	0.7	2.0	45	N/A^*	N/A^*	7
Gwent	0.7	1.7	9	0.5	0.6	6	0.9	1.0	11	97.7	96.1	1,211	0.2	0.6	2	N/A^*	N/A^*	28
Hampshire	1.0	3.0	27	0.3	0.9	9	1.2	1.6	32	96.9	93.3	2,641	0.6	1.1	16	N/A^*	N/A^*	109
Hertfordshire	1.6	5.7	30	0.7	2.8	14	2.0	2.5	38	95.7	87.6	1,855	0.1	1.4	1	N/A^*	N/A^*	14
Humberside	0.5	1.3	9	0.4	0.5	7	0.6	0.9	10	98.5	96.5	1,758	0.0	0.8	not collected	N/A^*	N/A^*	10
Kent	1.2	3.1	40	0.2	1.3	5	1.4	1.6	44	97.0	93.1	3,122	0.2	0.9	8	N/A^*	N/A^*	42
Lancashire	2.5	7.4	70	0.1	0.4	3	1.8	1.1	51	95.4	90.4	2,689	0.2	0.7	5	N/A^*	N/A^*	150
Leicestershire	5.1	15.3	88	0.6	2.4	11	2.0	2.0	35	92.2	78.4	1,599	0.1	1.9	2	N/A^*	N/A^*	43
Lincolnshire	0.5	0.8	5	0.6	0.4	6	0.9	0.9	10	98.0	97.6	1,055	0.1	0.4	1	N/A^*	N/A^*	10
London, City of	2.4	9.2	17	1.6	2.6	11	2.0	3.9	14	93.7	78.6	651	0.3	5.7	2	N/A^*	N/A^*	2
Merseyside	0.4	1.4	14	0.6	1.1	19	2.1	1.5	72	96.4	94.5	3,300	0.5	1.6	17	N/A^*	N/A^*	28
Metropolitan Police	5.5	17.0	1,666	3.3	13.3	993	3.3	5.0	987	85.8	59.8	25,861	2.1	5.0	619	N/A^*	N/A^*	265
Norfolk	0.3	1.1	5	0.5	0.5	7	0.9	1.2	14	98.0	96.5	1,505	0.3	0.6	4	N/A^*	N/A^*	22
North Wales	0.2	0.9	3	0.1	0.2	1	0.5	0.7	8	99.1	97.5	1,452	0.1	0.6	1	N/A^*	N/A^*	25
North Yorkshire	0.3	1.2	4	0.0	0.5	not collected	0.9	0.9	12	98.8	96.6	1,315	0.0	0.8	not collected	N/A^*	N/A^*	19
Northamptonshire	1.2	3.3	13	1.1	2.4	13	1.4	2.0	16	96.2	91.5	1,119	0.1	0.8	1	N/A^*	N/A^*	52
Northumbria	0.5	2.7	14	0.1	0.6	4	1.0	0.9	31	98.3	94.6	3,022	0.1	1.3	4	N/A^*	N/A^*	99
Nottinghamshire	2.2	4.4	42	0.8	2.5	16	1.5	2.8	28	95.3	88.8	1,805	0.2	1.4	3	N/A^*	N/A^*	23
South Wales	0.6	2.8	16	0.2	1.0	5	1.4	1.4	40	97.6	93.4	2,828	0.3	1.5	8	N/A^*	N/A^*	19
South Yorkshire	1.9	4.1	45	0.5	1.9	12	1.2	1.5	30	96.4	90.6	2,358	0.1	1.8	2	N/A^*	N/A^*	12
Staffordshire	1.0	3.2	16	0.4	0.8	6	0.9	1.3	14	97.7	94.1	1,549	0.0	0.7	not collected	N/A^*	N/A^*	5
Suffolk	0.3	1.5	3	0.4	0.9	4	2.3	1.7	26	96.9	95.2	1,071	0.2	0.6	2	N/A^*	N/A^*	21
Surrey	1.2	4.8	20	0.6	1.1	9	1.6	2.1	26	96.0	90.4	1,582	0.6	1.7	10	N/A^*	N/A^*	346
Sussex	0.3	2.5	8	0.2	0.9	5	1.2	1.9	30	97.8	93.7	2,396	0.4	1.0	10	N/A^*	N/A^*	100
Thames Valley	1.7	8.5	70	0.7	3.0	29	2.2	2.5	90	94.9	84.6	3,822	0.4	1.4	18	N/A^*	N/A^*	38
Warwickshire	3.6	4.2	29	0.1	0.8	1	0.9	1.5	7	94.9	92.7	751	0.5	0.9	4	N/A^*	N/A^*	15
West Mercia	1.0	1.8	20	0.3	0.4	6	1.1	1.1	21	97.4	96.2	1,908	0.2	0.5	4	N/A^*	N/A^*	16
West Midlands	6.1	18.0	396	1.5	6.0	98	2.3	3.5	147	90.0	70.1	5,858	0.2	2.3	12	N/A^*	N/A^*	70
West Yorkshire	3.4	12.6	170	0.5	2.1	27	1.5	2.2	75	94.3	81.8	4,717	0.3	1.4	14	N/A^*	N/A^*	11
Wiltshire	0.5	2.6	5	0.4	0.9	4	0.7	1.4	7	98.2	94.5	975	0.2	0.6	2	N/A^*	N/A^*	2

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Summary

This data shows that:

of the 43 police forces, the Metropolitan police in London had the highest percentage of police officers from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined – 14.2% in total
the higher percentage of police officers from these ethnic groups in London partly reflects the city’s population as a whole – 40.2% of people in London come from Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups, the largest percentage for any area of England and Wales
in Bedfordshire, 10.3% of police officers came from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined, compared with 22.5% of the overall population in the police force area who came from the same groups
in the West Midlands, 10.0% of police officers came from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined, compared with 29.9% of the overall population in the police force area who came from the same groups
police forces in North Yorkshire, Cumbria and North Wales had the smallest percentage of officers from an Asian, Black, Mixed or Other background (at 1.2%, 0.9% and 0.9% respectively), which are broadly in line with figures for the overall populations of those areas

Police officers by ethnicity and rank over time

Location:: England and Wales
Time period:: 2007 to 2018
Source:: Police workforce, England and Wales: 31 March 2018

Percentage and number of police officers by ethnicity and rank (2007 and 2017)

	Asian				Black				Mixed				Other inc Chinese				White				Unknown
Rank	% 2007	Number 2007	% 2018	Number 2018	% 2007	Number 2007	% 2018	Number 2018	% 2007	Number 2007	% 2018	Number 2018	% 2007	Number 2007	% 2018	Number 2018	% 2007	Number 2007	% 2018	Number 2018	% 2007	Number 2007	% 2018	Number 2018
Chief Officer	2.0	4	1.6	3	0.5	1	1.0	2	1.0	2	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	96.6	196	97.4	187	N/A^*	3	N/A^*	22
Chief Superintendent	1.3	6	2.1	6	0.6	3	1.1	3	0.6	3	1.4	4	0.2	1	0.4	1	97.2	456	95.1	269	N/A^*	0	N/A^*	5
Superintendent	1.0	10	1.6	14	0.8	8	0.7	6	0.5	5	1.7	15	0.2	2	0.2	2	97.4	954	95.7	832	N/A^*	8	N/A^*	23
Chief Inspector	1.0	18	1.4	22	0.5	10	0.6	9	1.2	22	1.3	21	0.1	2	0.1	1	97.2	1,778	96.6	1,522	N/A^*	18	N/A^*	21
Inspector	1.0	72	2.0	113	0.5	36	0.7	41	0.7	49	1.4	76	0.2	16	0.4	20	97.5	6,790	95.5	5,260	N/A^*	69	N/A^*	90
Sergeant	1.1	235	1.9	348	0.8	179	0.9	161	0.7	162	1.4	253	0.3	65	0.5	84	97.0	21,026	95.3	17,289	N/A^*	283	N/A^*	317
Constable	1.6	1,766	3.0	2,760	1.0	1,113	1.3	1,202	1.1	1,176	2.1	1,940	0.5	546	0.8	744	95.7	103,172	92.8	86,146	N/A^*	1,618	N/A^*	2,571

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Summary

Senior officers include those in the following ranks:

Chief Officer
Chief Superintendent
Superintendent
Chief Inspector

This data shows that:

as at 31 March 2018, there was a lower percentage of officers from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined in senior ranks (3.7%) than in the constable rank (7.2%)
between 2007 and 2013, the percentage of senior officers from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined increased from 2.8% to 3.9% but remained fairly stable between 2014 and 2018
between 2007 and 2018, there was a steady increase in the percentage of constables from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined, from 4.3% to 7.2%

Police officers by ethnicity and gender

Location:: England and Wales
Time period:: 2007 to 2018
Source:: Police workforce, England and Wales: 31 March 2018

Number and percentage of police officers by ethnicity and gender (2007 and 2018)

	Female				Male
Ethnicity	Number 2007	% 2007	Number 2018	% 2018	Number 2007	% 2007	Number 2018	% 2018
Asian	402	1.2	675	1.9	1,709	1.6	2,591	3.1
Black	359	1.1	398	1.1	991	0.9	1,026	1.2
Mixed	393	1.2	675	1.9	1,026	1.0	1,634	2.0
Other inc Chinese	130	0.4	213	0.6	502	0.5	639	0.8
White	31,463	96.1	33,645	94.5	102,909	96.1	77,860	93.0
Unknown	371	N/A^*	812	N/A^*	1,628	N/A^*	2,236	N/A^*

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Summary

This data shows that:

as at March 2018, there was a higher percentage of male police officers from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined (7.0%) than female police officers from the same ethnic groups (5.5%)
between 2007 and 2018, the percentage of male police officers from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined increased slightly faster than the percentage of female police officers from the same ethnic groups

Police workforce by ethnicity and role

Location:: England and Wales
Time period:: 2018
Source:: Police workforce, England and Wales: 31 March 2018

Percentage and number of people in the police workforce, by ethnicity and role

	Police Officer		Police Staff		Community support officer		Designated Officer		Traffic Warden
Ethnicity	%	Number (FTE) of staff	%	Number (FTE) of staff	%	Number (FTE) of staff	%	Number (FTE) of staff	%	Number (FTE) of staff
Asian	2.7	3,266	3.2	1,899	4.3	425	2.9	117	0.0	0
Black	1.2	1,424	2.0	1,182	2.7	269	3.0	122	0.0	0
Mixed	1.9	2,309	1.0	596	1.4	136	1.6	63	0.0	0
Other inc Chinese	0.7	852	0.6	352	1.1	108	0.7	29	0.0	0
White	93.4	111,505	93.2	55,239	90.5	8,931	91.9	3,755	100.0	9
Unknown	N/A^*	3,048	N/A^*	3,552	N/A^*	271	N/A^*	294	N/A^*	0

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Summary

This data shows that:

as at March 2018, the percentage of people from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined working as police officers was lower than in other roles within the police workforce
9.5% of police community support officers were from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups combined, the highest percentage for any paid role within the police workforce

Special constables by ethnicity

Location:: England and Wales
Time period:: 2018
Source:: Police workforce, England and Wales: 31 March 2018

Percentage and number of special constables, and percentage of the overall population (at Census 2011), by ethnicity

Ethnicity	%	% of population (2011)	Number (Headcount) of Special Constables
Asian	6.0	6.8	640
Black	1.9	3.3	204
Mixed	2.0	2.2	209
Other inc Chinese	1.4	1.7	146
White	88.7	86.0	9,423
Unknown	N/A^*	N/A^*	1,068

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Summary

Special constables are unpaid volunteers, and therefore not counted as part of the workforce. These figures are based on a headcount (the total number of people working in the role, regardless of whether they are part-time or full-time).

This data shows that:

11.3% of special constables came from the Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups, compared with 14.0% of the population in England and Wales
while it is not strictly possible to compare data based on headcounts with full-time equivalents, special constables were more ethnically diverse than police officers and others in the police workforce

Methodology

Data is collected from each of the 43 police forces in England and Wales, and the British Transport Police.

Police staff report their own ethnicity from a list of 5 options.

Police forces keep records of all their staff on human resources and payroll systems. Data is quality assured by the Home Office and confirmed by police forces before publication.

Rounding

Percentages are rounded to 1 decimal point.

Quality and methodology information

Data sources

Source

Police workforce, England and Wales: 31 March 2018

Type of data

Administrative data

Type of statistic

National Statistics

Publisher

Home Office

Publication frequency

Yearly

Purpose of data source

Ethnicity and gender data is used by police forces as part of diversity monitoring schemes.

Download the data

Police Workforce - Aggregate Officer/rank - Spreadsheet (csv) 10 MB

Due to the size of the data, this download has been split into two files: This file contains the following: ethnicity, year, Aggregate Officer/rank, police force area, FTE, headcount, value, rate, proportion of population

Police Workforce - Detailed Officer/ Rank - Spreadsheet (csv) 31 MB

Due to the size of the data, this download has been split into two files: This file contains the following: ethnicity, year, Detailed Officer/Rank, police force area, FTE, headcount, value, rate, proportion of population

Publication release date: 2 October 2018

Updated: 8 March 2019

full page history

8 March 2019 Added a meta description (for search engines, social sharing, etc.)
2 October 2018 updated to include the latest data available (for 2018)

Police workforce

Police officers by ethnicity

Percentage and number of police officers, and percentage of the overall population (at 2011 Census), by ethnicity

Summary

Police officers by ethnicity over time

Percentage and number of police officers by ethnicity over time

Summary

Police officers by ethnicity and area

Percentage and number of police officers, and percentage of the overall population (at 2011 Census), by ethnicity and police force area

Summary

Police officers by ethnicity and rank over time

Percentage and number of police officers by ethnicity and rank (2007 and 2017)

Summary

Police officers by ethnicity and gender

Number and percentage of police officers by ethnicity and gender (2007 and 2018)

Summary

Police workforce by ethnicity and role

Percentage and number of people in the police workforce, by ethnicity and role

Summary

Special constables by ethnicity

Percentage and number of special constables, and percentage of the overall population (at Census 2011), by ethnicity

Summary

Methodology

Methodology

Rounding

Data sources

Source

Type of data

Type of statistic

Publisher

Publication frequency

Purpose of data source

Download the data

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